A renewed search for legal certainty is a reaction to the preponderance of judge made law, which has been in turn prompted by the democratic deficit of the EU and the impact of Anglo-American law. The problem is that the search is oblivious to both systematic interpretation and the need of re-systematization of law. The paper defines systematic interpretation, relates the definition to standard French and German conceptions, indicates the room for systematic interpretation in Anglo-American laws, and states prima facie (...) reasons for a re-systematization of law as a prerequisite of systematic interpretation. The problem cannot be appreciated outside its proper context. It is a disregard for causation and evaluation. Hence the paper outlines Aristotle’s understanding of causation and evaluation in his presentation of phronesis, reconsiders continental European legal thought in the light of Aristotle’s presentation, and offers policy-oriented jurisprudence as a remedy to the deficit of evaluation and causation in European legal thought. A solution to the problem offers a typology of criteria and clarifies positive and fundamental legal concepts, positive and fundamental criteria of systematization, and the place of criteria in knowledge of law. The usefulness of the criteria is demonstrated by a common approach to the systematization of law and an alternative diagnosis of a defect of systematization diagnosed by an authority in history and philosophy of law rather than legal theory. (shrink)

Privacy is protected in biobank-based research in the US primarily by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule and the Federal Policy for Protection of Human Subjects. Neither rule, however, was created to function in the unique context of biobank research, and therefore neither applies to all biobank-based research. Not only is it challenging to determine when the HIPAA Privacy Rule or the Common Rule apply, but these laws apply different standards to protect privacy. In addition, many other (...) federal and state laws may be applicable to a particular biobank, researcher, or project. US law also does not directly address international sharing of data or specimens outside of the EU–US Safe Harbor Agreement, which only applies to receipt of data by certain US entities from EU countries, and is in the process of revision. Although new rules would help clarify privacy protections in biobanking, any implemented changes should be studied to determine the sufficiency of the protections as well as its ability to facilitate or hinder international collaborations. (shrink)

In the United States, final amendments to the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (“the Common Rule”) were published on January 19, 2017, and they will take effect on January 21, 2019. One of the most widely discussed provisions is that for the first time, federal regulations governing research with humans authorize the use of broad consent for future, unspecified research on individually identifiable biospecimens and associated data. Many questions have been raised about broad consent, including what effect (...) it will have on research and whether it adequately protects the interests of research participants.There are lessons to be learned for the U.S. and other countries by looking to countries that already have experience with broad consent for biobank collection and with the storage and subsequent use of the biospecimens and data. This article describes how broad consent works in five countries—Canada (in Quebec), Israel, Nigeria, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom—and with different types of biobanks: national biobanks, federated biobanks, and regional biobanks. Evaluating the provisions and challenges of the broad consent approaches in these countries can inform policies for this increasingly used approach to biobank regulation. (shrink)

Three partners founded the Grenada Chocolate Company in 1999: Mott Green, Doug Browne and Edmond Brown. Several years ago Doug passed away of cancer and in June 2013 Mott suffered a fatal electrocution while repairing a piece of equipment. Edmond was now thrust into the leadership position and left to decide what direction GCC should take. The GCC product line was becoming increasingly popular both on the island and internationally and demand was high,but the original vision for the company was (...) to produce bean-to-bar chocolates while providing a fair wage to the local employees and farmers. Expansion could be an option for Edmond and GCC, but was it possible to expand and stay true to the ideas on which GCC was founded? (shrink)

Three partners founded the Grenada Chocolate Company (GCC) in 1999: Mott Green, Doug Browne and Edmond Brown. Several years ago Doug passed away of cancer and in June 2013 Mott suffered a fatal electrocution while repairing a piece of equipment. Edmond was now thrust into the leadership position and left to decide what direction GCC should take. The GCC product line was becoming increasingly popular both on the island and internationally and demand was high,but the original vision for the company (...) was to produce bean-to-bar chocolates while providing a fair wage to the local employees and farmers. Expansion could be an option for Edmond and GCC, but was it possible to expand and stay true to the ideas on which GCC was founded? (shrink)

Laws in the 20 jurisdictions studied for this project display many similar approaches to protecting privacy in biobank research. Although few have enacted biobank-specific legislation, many countries address biobanking within other laws. All provide for some oversight mechanisms for biobank research, even though the nature of that oversight varies between jurisdictions. Most have some sort of controlled access system in place for research with biobank specimens. While broad consent models facilitate biobanking, countries without national or federated biobanks have been slow (...) to adopt broad consent. International guidelines have facilitated sharing and generally take a proportional risk approach, but many countries have provisions guiding international sharing and a few even limit international sharing. Although privacy laws may not prohibit international collaborations, the multi-prong approach to privacy unique to each jurisdiction can complicate international sharing. These symposium issues can serve as a resource for explaining the sometimes intricate privacy laws in each studied jurisdiction, outlining the key issues with regards to privacy and biobanking, and serving to describe a framework for the process of harmonization of privacy laws. (shrink)

Статтю присвячено аналізу розуміння ієрархії у православній філософській та богословській думці, та визначенню того, як це розуміння впливає на православний світогляд. Мета статті досягається за допомогою застосування авторами методології, розробленої представниками філософської школи інтегрального традиціоналізму, оскільки остання являє собою продукт глибокого вивчення та зіставлення досвіду різних релігійних традицій, а також виявляє критерії традиціоналістського світогляду як такого, спільні для різних традицій. Зокрема, автори використовують висновки французького філософа-традиціоналіста Рене Генона про сакральну та ініціатичну природу ієрархії у традиційних суспільствах для пошуку відповідників у (...) православній релігійній традиції. Такі відповідники автори знаходять у працях отців церкви, які вважаються канонічними для православної релігійної традиції та являють собою «становий хребет» її філософського світогляду. За підсумками проведеного дослідження, автори даної публікації виявили, що православний релігійний світогляд є ієрархічним за своєю суттю. (shrink)

Do the rich descriptions and narrative shapings of literature provide a valuable resource for readers, writers, philosophers, and everyday people to imagine and confront the ultimate questions of life? Do the human activities of storytelling and complex moral decision-making have a deep connection? What are the moral responsibilities of the artist, critic, and reader? What can religious perspectives—from Catholic to Protestant to Mormon—contribute to literary criticism? Thirty well known contributors reflect on these questions, including iterary theorists Marshall Gregory, James Phelan, (...) and Wayne Booth; philosophers Martha Nussbaum, Richard Hart, and Nina Rosenstand; and authors John Updike, Charles Johnson, Flannery O'Connor, and Bernard Malamud. Divided into four sections, with introductory matter and questions for discussion, this accessible anthology represents the most crucial work today exploring the interdisciplinary connections between literature, religion and philosophy. (shrink)

This edited collection discusses phenomenological critiques of formalism and their relevance to the problem of responsibility and the life-world. The authors deal with themes of formalisation of knowledge in connection to the life-world, the natural world, the history of science and our responsibility for both our epistemic claims and the world in which we live. Readers will discover critiques of formalisation, the life-world and responsibility, and a collation and comparison of Patočka's and Husserl's work on these themes. Considerable literature on (...) Husserl is presented here and the two themes of epistemic responsibility and the life-world are discussed together. This work specifically emphasises the interrelatedness of these existential aspects of his work - self-responsibility and the crisis - as not only epistemological, but also related to human life. This volume also introduces Jan Patočka to English-speaking readers as a phenomenologist in his own right. Patočka shows us, in particular, the significance of the modern abyss between our thinking and the world. Readers will discover that this abyss is of concern for our everyday experience because it leads to a rupture in our understanding of the world: between the world of our living and its scientific construct. We see that Patočka continually emphasised the relevance of Husserl's work to existential questions relating to human responsibility and the life-world, which he admits is left largely implicit in Husserl's work. This edited collection will spark discussion on the question of responsibility against the backdrop of formalised knowledge which is increasingly inaccessible to human understanding. Despite the complexity of some of the analysed ideas, the authors discuss these themes in a clear and readable way. This work is scholarly, exact in its discussion and authoritative in its reading, but at the same time accessible to anyone motivated to understand these debates. (shrink)

Because of the growing debate concerning the nature of Soviet-type societies, a symposium-review was organized around two important recent books on the subject. The following are discussions of either one or both of the following volumes: Ferenc Feher, Agnes Heller, Gyorgy Markus, Dictatorship over Needs, St. Martin's Press (New York, 1983). Victor Zaslavsky, The Neo-Stalinist State: Class, Ethnicity and Consensus in Soviet Society, M.E. Sharpe, Inc. (New York, 1982). In social analysis, effective explanations alternate “thick description” with “thin description” Zaslavsky's (...) The Neo-Stalinist State and Feher's, Heller's and Markus’ Dictatorship over Needs, can be seen to track “actually existine socialism” down the respective paths of “thick” and “think” analysis. (shrink)

Human communication is often thought about in terms of transmitted messages in a conventional code like a language. But communication requires a specialized interactive intelligence. Senders have to be able to perform recipient design, while receivers need to be able to do intention recognition, knowing that recipient design has taken place. To study this interactive intelligence in the lab, we developed a new task that taps directly into the underlying abilities to communicate in the absence of a conventional code. We (...) show that subjects are remarkably successful communicators under these conditions, especially when senders get feedback from receivers. Signaling is accomplished by the manner in which an instrumental action is performed, such that instrumentally dysfunctional components of an action are used to convey communicative intentions. The findings have important implications for the nature of the human communicative infrastructure, and the task opens up a line of experimentation on human communication. (shrink)

Human communication is often thought about in terms of transmitted messages in a conventional code like a language. But communication requires a specialized interactive intelligence. Senders have to be able to perform recipient design, while receivers need to be able to do intention recognition, knowing that recipient design has taken place. To study this interactive intelligence in the lab, we developed a new task that taps directly into the underlying abilities to communicate in the absence of a conventional code. We (...) show that subjects are remarkably successful communicators under these conditions, especially when senders get feedback from receivers. Signaling is accomplished by the manner in which an instrumental action is performed, such that instrumentally dysfunctional components of an action are used to convey communicative intentions. The findings have important implications for the nature of the human communicative infrastructure, and the task opens up a line of experimentation on human communication. (shrink)

The precarious rights of senior citizens, especially those who are highly educated and who are expected to counsel and guide the younger generations, has stimulated the creation internationally of advocacy associations and opinion leader groups. The strength of these groups, however, varies from country to country. In some countries, they are supported and are the focus of intense interest; in others, they are practically ignored. For this is reason we believe that the creation of a network of all these associations (...) is essential. The proposed network would act as a support for the already-existing policies of the United Nations’ High Commission for Human Rights, of independent experts, and of the Global Alliance for the Rights of Older People. All three have long ago recommended the creation of a recognized instrument for uniting presently scattered efforts. The proposed network, therefore, will seek to promote the international exchange of relevant expertise, and it will reinforce the commitments and actions that single countries are currently taking to meet these objectives. For example, informative public events can be organised to promote particular support initiatives and to provide an opportunity for new members of the network to be presented. The network will promote health for senior citizens, disease prevention, senior mobility, safe free time for seniors, alimentary education, protection against new risks and dangers, as well as equity in the services necessary for seniors to adopt new information and communication technologies. In the case of retired academic members, the network will promote equality with respect to continuing use of digital technologies (particularly email), continuing access to research libraries, and the guaranteed ability for seniors to fund their own research programs and to deliver free seminars. (shrink)

The questions of how human beings produce and comprehend language continue to engage a variety of researchers and scholars, and it is becoming increasingly clear that only interdisciplinary approaches will yield productive answers. This complex issue of discourse processing is the subject of this volume, and the contributors address it from the varying perspectives of cognitive psychology linguistics, and computer science. The chapters provide a fascinating overview of emerging theories in the new discipline of cognitive science. A useful introductory chapter (...) by the editors explains the relationships of chapters to one another and outlines the long-term implications of the work they report. (shrink)

La fundamentación de la física clásica llevó a Descartes a encontrar en el "ego cogito" la condición necesaria de todas las representaciones posibles: los conceptos de materia y de movimiento, tal como los exigía la nueva ciencia fueron concebidos por él inicialmente en una forma extremadamente racionalista, lo cual convirtió al "yo pienso" en el sujeto, en el fundamento de todo lo que puede ser real. Algunos científicos han sostenido que el "yo" según Descartes supone una tal preeminencia de la (...) epistemología, que impide pensar la moral y la situación del hombre frente a la incertidumbre de la vida. Se verá en el artículo que el sujeto hace de la naturaleza un mero objeto, pero mantiene su propia esfera, la de la libertad, hacia la cual estará dirigida toda la admiración después de que Descartes lograra resolver el enigma del universo. (shrink)

Sulla base di una straordinaria analisi dei problemi deontologici riconducibili alla crisi della professione medica, Ivan Cavicchi e un gruppo di lavoro multidisciplinare – promosso e organizzato dall’Ordine dei Medici Chirurghi e Odontoiatri della Provincia Autonoma di Trento, in collaborazione con il programma FBK per la salute della Fondazione Bruno Kessler e il gruppo di Biodiritto del l’Università di Trento – hanno rielaborato le basi concettuali della tradizionale deontologia medica per mettere in condizione gli Ordini dei Medici di riformare (...) il proprio codice deontologico. Si tratta di una vera e propria «rivoluzione» destinata a modificare nei prossimi anni la deontologia nel nostro Paese, a influenzare la redazione dei futuri codici di tutte le professioni medico-sanitarie, ma soprattutto a cambiare radicalmente i rapporti tra medici e cittadini, tra professione e società, tra medicina ed economia. Assumendo il malato come «archè», la proposta di rielaborazione cambia postulati, presupposti, linguaggi, concetti, soluzioni e obiettivi, affrontando problematiche usualmente ignorate dalla deontologia convenzionale. Lo scopo di fondo è definire una nuova figura di medico capace di recuperare il rapporto fiduciario con i malati e con la società e di farsi carico dei problemi di sostenibilità economica che ormai da anni gravano su tutti i sistemi di tutela sanitaria. (shrink)

Contrairement à la philosophie théorique, où la raison vise à la contemplation désintéressée, la philosophie pratique vise à l'action bonne ; et celle-ci est éthique ou politique, selon qu'elle a pour objet le bien de l'individu ou le bien de la cité. Les deux traités classiques qui, dans ce double domaine pratique, livrent la pensée définitive d'Aristote, sont l'Ethique nicomachéenne et la Politique. Ils font ici l'objet d'une étude historique et analytique. Mais il paraît indispensable aussi de soumettre à un (...) examen les trois autres traités d'Aristote qui ont préparé l'Ethique nicomachéenne : la Grande éthique, l'Ethique eudémienne et la Rhétorique. En particulier, le premier d'entre eux, qui a été systématiquement rejeté ou négligé par les spécialistes, a de bonnes chances d'être d'Aristote lui-même et ne peut être sous-estimé dans un travail consacré à la genèse et à l'épanouissement de sa philosophie pratique. (shrink)

Il existe différentes cultures dans le monde – à savoir la diversité culturelle –, mais on constate aussi la tendance de disparition de cette diversité – l’entropie culturelle. Dans le même temps, la domination de la culture moderne – l’homogénéisation progresse. L a révolution néolithique a été suivie par l’explosion culturelle, et la révolution industrielle, par l’implosion culturelle. Deux thèses sont traitées : la diversité culturelle comme étant une richesse pour l’humanité, et l’homogénéisation de la culture comme étant une tendance (...) inévitable dans le cadre de l’évolution de l’homo sapiens. L a thèse principale affirme que deux processus parallèles ont lieu à l’époque post-moderne : l’homogénéisation biotique et l’homogénéisation culturelle. Ces deux tendances se distinguent empiriquement dans le processus de mondialisation. Il est paradoxal de défendre la diversité culturelle et biologique, et de critiquer l’homogénéisation culturelle et biotique, alors que se poursuit la tendance globale d’implosion culturelle. Les résultats d’une étude empirique sur les réflexions autour des perspectives de la diversité culturelle dans le monde viendront appuyer ce discours. Il est question de la valorisation de la diversité des cultures, pré-moderne et moderne. L ’étude a été menée sur trois groupes de sujets : étudiants en beaux-arts, en sciences sociales et en sciences techniques. L es résultats ont été analysés en fonction de la filière, de la religiosité, de l’orientation politique et du sexe des étudiants. (shrink)

L’influenza dell’ideologia risorgimentale si indirizza a rendere centrale, nell’Italia di fine Ottocento, le tematiche della costruzione dello stato e dell’educazione dei cittadini, e stimola lo stesso Giovanni Vailati, seguito dall’allievo Mario Calderoni, a imbastire un discorso sulla valenza educativa del fare cultura e ad attribuire all’uomo di cultura ufficio di sommo educatore. Il dibattito vailatiano sull’«educazione liberale» verte su tre aree di discussione: a] «unità del sapere» come ideale educativo; b] definizione di filosofia; c] definizione di storia delle scienze.

L'homme est constamment à la recherche de sens. Il découvre sans cesse le sens des choses, car il comprend l'être et peut ainsi configurer un monde comme un ouvert de sens. Pourtant, il se trouve désemparé face à la question du sens de l'existence. Dans la mesure où l'existence est une projection extatique au monde, la question du sens de l'existence appelle aussitôt celle du sens du monde qui renvoie à l'interrogation fondamentale du sens de l'être. Cette recherche tend à (...) montrer que l'homme comprend l'être naturellement dans le sens du bien. Le bien est formellement le ce-en- vue-de-quoi : la finalité. Cependant, la compréhension pleine du sens de l'être dans le sens du bien n'apparaît que suivant les perspectives de sens du vrai, du juste et du beau. La compréhension de l'être dans le sens du bien n'est pas théorique, mais existentiale. Ainsi, le monde devient un ouvert sensé selon les perspectives de la vérité, de la justice et de la beauté, dans lequel se projettent les existences humaines. L'existence au monde sensé suivant le sens du bien a ainsi du sens. Le sens de l'existence consiste à la destiner au sens du bien, c'est-à-dire à oeuvrer avec les autres pour la construction d'un monde de bien pour une humanité bonne. Il incombe à chaque homme, tout en participant avec les autres à l'édification d'un monde de bien, de frayer sa propre voie vers cet horizon, afin d'accomplir son existence authentique. (shrink)

Spinoza avait un trou à son manteau. On avait tenté de le poignarder et son manteau en portrait la trace. La haine dont Spinoza fut l'objet est originaire. Dès la parution du Traité théologico-politique, une sainte alliance est scellée, garante d'un ordre moral menacé par la philosophie d'un homme libre. Dans ce livre, Ivan Segré s'intéresse aux derniers avatars de la réaction idéologique qui a pris Spinoza pour cible, et singulièrement aux penseurs juifs qui ont reconnu en lui un (...) "traître". Est-ce à dire qu'une vie sous la conduite de la raison est une trahison de la cause des Juifs? Philosophe et talmudiste, Segré examine l'acte d'accusation qu'on a dressé contre le philosophe d'Amsterdam et il conclut que la fidélité à l'antique tradition hébraïque exige, aujourd'hui, d'arborer le manteau troué de Spinoza. A ceux qu'il appelle les théoriciens bourgeois du nom "juif", il oppose l'intelligence des textes hébraïques, dont il nous dit qu'ils sont solidaires du nom "ouvrier", solidaires de son devenir révolutionnaire. (shrink)

Religion and spirituality (R/S) serve as coping mechanisms for circumstances that threaten people’s psychological well-being. However, using R/S inappropriately to deal with difficulties and problems in daily life may include the practice of Spiritual Bypass (SB). SB refers to avoiding addressing emotional problems and trauma, rather than healing and learning from them. On the other hand, coping strategies may be determined by the cultural context. This study aims to describe the presence of SB in individuals who may have experienced stressful (...) situations and to understand the influence of culture on SB by comparing SB in two culturally different groups. The sample consists of a total of 435 people, 262 of Honduran nationality and 173 of Spanish nationality. Both groups are approximately equivalent in age and gender. The degree of SB, stressful events, perception of social support and spiritual well-being are examined, respectively, through the Spiritual Bypass Scale, and specific items and subscales from the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Spiritual Wellbeing. The results showed a higher spiritual well-being and use of SB in the Honduran sample as compared to the Spanish sample, but similar social support and stressful events. Furthermore, some of the factors predicting SB were different between the two samples. While age and a greater number of R/S practices were important in both samples, for the Honduran sample the variables that best explained SB were being a Christian, having greater social support, fewer stressful events, and greater attendance at church or temple. For the Spanish sample, however, the variable that best explained SB was studying R/S texts. Therefore, SB must be understood within the culture in which it develops, since in different cultural contexts it appears to relate to differing factors. Thus, SB becomes a possible functional or dysfunctional coping strategy depending on the social context. (shrink)

When commenting on Aristotle Ph. 1.3, 187a1, Simplicius in Ph. 1.3, 146, 29–147,2 establishes an equivalence between the shining «silver egg» (ὤεον ἀργύφεον) of Orpheus (fr. 70 Kern) and the Parmenidean being or, rather, one of the determinations with which Parmenides, in the section of his Poem devoted to the so-called Way of Truth, indicates the ἐόν, i.e., «resembling the mass of a well-rounded sphere» (εὐκύκλου σφαίρης ἐναλίγκιον ὄγκωι – DK 28 B 8.43). The equivalence established here is found in (...) the great digression about Parmenides (in Ph. 142, 28–148, 24), where Simplicius puts forward an interpretation of Parmenides that identifies the Parmenidean being-one (τὸ ἓν ὄν) with the intelligible (τὸ νοητόν), which, in another passages of the same commentary, is also qualified with the metaphysical concept of “unified” (τὸ ἡνωμένον) that is taken from Damascius. The aim of the present paper is to trace back the Neo-Platonic assumptions of this identification. In particular, we will focus on Damascius Pr. 2.55.40, 14–19 and 3.123.160, 1–3 Westerink, since these passages contain insights into the Orphic theology that is referred to as “usual”, “common” or “rhapsodic”, as well as a contextual “translation” of various Orphic concepts (e.g. ὤεον ἀργύφεον) in terms of Neo-Platonic metaphysics. The metaphysical transposition of the mythical image of the silver egg goes back, however, to Proclus (in Ti. 1.428, 8–9), who assumes the identity between Plato’s being (“being in the primary sense”, τὸ πρώτως [...] ὄν) and the Orphic egg (ταὐτὸν τό τε Πλάτωνος ὂν καὶ τὸ Ὀρφικὸν ὠόν). One cannot, at the same time, exclude a priori the possibility that the Orphic motif of the silver egg circulated in the Magna Graecia of Parmenides already from at least the 6th century BC. It is possible, as Colli hypothesised, that already Ibycus (who certainly knew Orpheus, fr. 25 Page) betrays a certain knowledge of it in fr. 4.4–5 Page, where we find the expression ἐν ὠέωι ἀργυρέωι. This article demonstrates that Proclus and Damascius embedded the Orphic concept of ὤεον ἀργύφεον into their Neo-Platonic metaphysics by showing its potential for speculative order. (shrink)

La pensée heideggérienne de l'être recèle un paradoxe : elle est à la fois le lieu de découvertes prodigieuses et de l'occultation d'une partie importante de l'être de l'homme : la dimension éthique. Afin de comprendre ce phénomène, notre recherche prend pour fil conducteur la manière restrictive dont Heidegger interprète le bien de Platon, à travers tout son chemin de pensée.

This contribution responds to the ongoing discussion about the narrativity of history and looks at some differences between fictive and historical narrative. The objective of this contribution is to further elaborate on the ideas of narrative transformations developed by Wolf Schmid, focusing particularly on historical narratives. The authors see differences between both kinds of narrative, especially on the level of reference (which is in line with the views of D. Cohn, P. Ricouer and L. Doležel). The problem of fiction and (...) reference is illustrated by Schmid's four tiered narratological model, especially on the level of happening. In fiction, this tier (of happening) is inferred backwards based on the presentation of the narration. This tier is positioned (excluded in absentia) so the elements of the narrative can be selected. In historical narrative happening has a different status and precedes both the story and the text. Although the shape of the past is related to the presentation of the narrative, it is not determined by nor reduced to it. The authors of this contribution describe the specific character and aspects of narrative transformation in the writing process. (shrink)

Dans l'etude comparative il est demontre, comment et a quelle mesure la philosophie de Ludwig Feuerbach a conditionne la pensee de Martin Buber; tous les deux sortent de la these que toute la philosophie doit etre essentiellement anthropologique, pour tous les deux le principe dialogique est determinatif (Moi ne devient que par Toi, la distance originelle de Moi et Toi determine l'etre humain dans le monde). Mais Buber est distant de la determination de l'homme par Ludwig Feuerbach, suivant laquelle l'homme (...) est l'etre de son espece, il rejette sa construction pseudomystique (Moi et Toi = Dieu). Pour Feuerbach il n'y a pas la question "Qu'est que c'est l'homme?", il a deja la reponse definitive sous la main, avec laquelle il opere. Bien que tous les deux ne veuillent pas presenter quelque philosophie (Feuerbach) ou produir quelque doctrine (Buber), pourtant le premier glisse dans son explication de l'allocution dialogique de la sphere de Moi et Toi dans celle de Toi et de l' "On" qui est toujours caracteristique pour une doctrine, mais Buber en plus, voulant tenir le dialogue et ne desirant pas former une doctrine positive de l'homme, se trouve par son exposition du "caractere dialogique" de l'existence humaine dans le courant de la tendence anthropologique, dans laquelle a la "fin de la philosophie", l'historicite de la metaphysique debouche. (shrink)

La philosophie ancienne et médiévale était centrée sur l'Etre, la philosophie moderne sur la Connaissance : la philosophie contemporaine gravite autour de la Valeur. Du fait de sa récente éclosion (les premiers traités d'axiologie datent de la fin du dix-neuvième siècle), cette philosophie a devant elle un champ illimité. Et cela d'autant plus que, par sa nature même, elle concerne tout ce qui importe à l'homme : morale et religion, art et littérature, droit et économie, science et technique. En France, (...) la philosophie de la Valeur n'est parvenue à sa maturité que dans les années 40. Elle a été marquée par deux grandes œuvres : celle de René Le Senne et celle de Louis Lavelle. La première s'est constituée progressivement, au cours de la parution de cinq ouvrages successifs, et la seconde, contenue dans le vaste Traité des Valeurs, choisit une perspective analytique, comme l'indique le pluriel du titre : ce sont les divers mondes axiologiques qui sont envisagés tour à tour. Ivan GOBRY tente d'offrir d'emblée un univers axiologique unitaire, dans lequel les valeurs ne sont que les phénomènes de la Valeur. Et cet univers n'est pas un secteur axiologique parmi d'autres : il est une Réalité unique. De la sorte, il regroupe toute les parties de la philosophie traditionnelle autour de cette catégorie dominante : la première partie, Valeur et Personne, constitue une anthropologie, où sont définis l'homme et sa destinée; la seconde, l'Ordre Axiologique, est une métaphysique, où sont exposés les rapports entre la Valeur et l' Etre : l'auteur y défend un axiologisme, c'est-à-dire un primat de la Valeur sur l'Etre - ce dernier n'étant que la limitation de celle-là ; la troisième partie, l'Expérience de la Valeur est la synthèse d'une phénoménologie de l'affectivité et d'une philosophie du temps ; enfin la quatrième partie, l'Instauration de la Valeur, présente une philosophie de l'œuvre humaine, qui situe, par rapport aux fondements antérieurement élaborés, la culture, le travail, la religion et la morale. (shrink)

Et si on appliquait à la philosophie la méthodologie du physicien? L'inexplicable constat des limitations inhérentes à toute réalité expérimentée inciterait à poser en théorie l'hypothèse d'un modèle exempt de ces limitations d'où pourrait procéder la réalité limitée telle que nous la vivons. Et si par déduction on en arrivait à des résultats scientifiquement plausibles, l'aventure à laquelle nous serions alors conviés serait de décoder l'univers comme une anamorphose. Sous la forme d'un dialogue, ce livre met en débat la pensée (...) originale de Pierre Malifaud qui ouvre ensuite à des problématiques plus englobantes. (shrink)

Es conocida la oposición de Albert Camus a la pena capital. En sus Réflexions sur la guillotine (1957) va a criticar la máquina judicial que hace sufrir en el tiempo y en el espacio al condenado a muerte. Antes, en L'homme revolté (1951), ha criticado la perversa lógica contractual rousseauniana implicada en la auto-imputación que conduce silenciosamente a Saint-Just al patíbulo en la época del terror revolucionario en Francia y a los condenados a muerte en la purgas del régimen de (...) Stalin en la Unión Soviética. Pero unos años antes, en El Mito de Sísifo (1942), hablando del suicidio, se ha referido a Galileo y al peligro que ha corrido de morir en la hoguera por defender sus verdades. Nos preguntamos aquí por aquello que, en el pensamiento de Camus, convierte a la pena capital en suicidio. (shrink)

En esta brevísima introducción a la hipótesis derridiana del “nacional-filosofismo” procedemos, en primer lugar, a situarla en el hilo conductor que atraviesa, a lo largo del trabajo de Jacques Derrida, sus lecturas de Husserl, Hegel y Heidegger. Enseguida, la situamos en el marco del seminario “Le fantôme de l’autre” de mediados de los años 80 y que la inscribe en el gran seminario “Nationalité et nationalisme philosophiques”. Finalmente, reseñamos esta hipótesis a la luz de tres de sus rasgos: generalidad, ejemplaridad (...) e invariancia. (shrink)

La Teoria dello Scrigno offre una visione d'insieme dei meccanismi che sono alla base della comunicazione musicale e delle espressioni della cultura, attraverso uno studio sociologico, musicologico e psicologico della nostra comprensione della Musica. Conseguenze della Teoria, discussa ampiamente sotto forma di un modello organizzato, sono, da un lato, lo stimolo rivolto al Musicista verso la creazione di una musica che non si limiti a essere formalmente corretta ma che cerchi, innanzitutto, di comunicare attraverso la ricerca della genuinità; dall'altro, il (...) riposizionamento del ruolo dell'Ascoltatore come soggetto attivo nella comunicazione musicale, mediante la creazione di un giudizio critico consapevole in grado di guidarlo con lucidità nel processo di fruizione. Mediante collegamenti con l'opera di Hofstadter sulla semiotica dei messaggi, quella di Heisenberg ed Einstein nella Meccanica quantistica e classica, le riflessioni sul gioco suggerite da Huizinga, così come le ricerche sugli stadi cognitivi del bambino svolte da Vygotskij e attraverso sigolari case offerti dalla linguistica, l'autore ci accompagna con esempi concreti alla ricerca di uno stringente filo conduttore che consenta al lettore di sviluppare una rinnovata sensibilità verso le forme poliedriche che le culture possono esprimere, analizzando infine anche l'evoluzione della comunicazione musicale mediata dai social e, più in generale, imposta dai paradigmi della società dei consumi"--Back cover. (shrink)